北京大氣中痕量揮發(fā)性有機(jī)污染物的濃度變化研究

發(fā)表時(shí)間:2015-07-24 14:22

【摘要】 大氣中痕量揮發(fā)性有機(jī)污染物(VOCs)不僅是促發(fā)大氣二次污染的前體物,而且對人體健康有直接危害,因此對VOCs的研究一直是大氣化學(xué)研究的重要分支。本文應(yīng)用自動(dòng)累積采樣系統(tǒng)-兩步冷凍濃縮-氣相色譜/質(zhì)譜聯(lián)用技術(shù)(AAS-CCS-GC/MS)對北京大氣中VOCs進(jìn)行了長期連續(xù)觀測研究。CCS-GC/MS系統(tǒng)使大氣樣品進(jìn)樣量從15cm3增加到5001000 cm3,從而將GC/MS分析大氣中的痕量揮發(fā)性有機(jī)物的檢測下限從10-6降到10-12量級(jí),基本上能檢測出大氣中所有濃度在pptv量級(jí)以上的痕量揮發(fā)性有機(jī)污染物。CCS-GC/MS分析方法評價(jià)結(jié)果表明,1000 cm3進(jìn)樣量最低檢出限體積分?jǐn)?shù)值為7×10-12~40×10-12,流出峰保留時(shí)間定性分析相對平均偏差<2.5s,39種目標(biāo)化合物平均回收率為100.8%±5.6%,0~400×10-9(v/v)濃度范圍內(nèi)外標(biāo)定量曲線r2平均值大于0.99;精密度誤差2%~14%,完全能夠用于對大氣中的痕量揮發(fā)性有機(jī)物準(zhǔn)確定性、定量監(jiān)測。該系統(tǒng)普適性強(qiáng),對絕大部分城市大氣有機(jī)污染物有良好響應(yīng)。本文利用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì)響應(yīng)因子傳遞法對1999~2004年北京大氣中VOCs定量分析結(jié)果進(jìn)行了校正,并建立了北京地區(qū)大氣痕量揮發(fā)性有機(jī)污染物數(shù)據(jù)庫。該數(shù)據(jù)庫包括1999~2005年67個(gè)物種(30種烷烴、12種烯烴、6種苯系物、19種鹵代烴)的周樣(325個(gè)/單物種,共21775個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)點(diǎn)。采樣時(shí)間:每周四下午14:00;地點(diǎn):325米鐵塔32米平臺(tái))和典型日變化(924個(gè)/單物種,共14784個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)點(diǎn))觀測分析結(jié)果,并包括采樣時(shí)的溫度、濕度、風(fēng)向、風(fēng)速、天氣狀況等氣象因素。該數(shù)據(jù)庫為研究北京地區(qū)痕量揮發(fā)性有機(jī)污染物的濃度變化趨勢、模型參數(shù)設(shè)定和結(jié)果驗(yàn)證以及北京地區(qū)VOCs污染源解析提供了大量連續(xù)的實(shí)測數(shù)據(jù)。2000~2005年北京大氣中VOCs每周一次的采樣分析結(jié)果表明,烷烴平均含量最高(濃度為66.8±21.8ppbC),其次是苯系物(59.2±22.2ppbC)和烯烴(14.1±3.1ppbC),鹵代烴平均含量最低(13.6±5.8ppbC)。苯是VOCs中含量最高的物種(濃度為4.0±0.7ppbV),其次是1,2-二氯乙烷(濃度為3.9±0.8ppbV)、2-甲基丁烷(3.3±0.4ppbV)、甲苯(2.7±0.2ppbV)。日變化樣品分析研究結(jié)果表明,典型天氣條件下烷烴日平均濃度最高(83.8±9.2ppbC),季節(jié)統(tǒng)計(jì)日變化總體趨勢呈現(xiàn)夜晚高、白天低的變化形式;苯系物日平均濃度次之(58.2±29.9ppbC),統(tǒng)計(jì)日變化形式不明顯;烯烴日平均濃度為17.0±10.8ppbC,除 還原

【Abstract】 Atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are not only one of precursors of photochemical ozone and secondary aerosol formation but also VOCs do harm to human beings directly. An automated accumulation sampling system and a method of two-step Cryo-Concentrated System combined with Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (CCS-GC/MS) are introduced to measure volatile organic compounds(VOCs) in Beijing from 1999 to 2005. The injection volume is enlarged from 1~5cm3 to 500~1000 cm3 and then the lowest limit volume concentrations of the measurement is expanded from 10-6 to 10-12 using CCS-GC/MS instead of the normal method of GC/MS. The method is evaluated by a set of special experiments and the results are demonstrated. When injection volume of air sample reaches 1 000cm3, the lowest limit is 7×10-12~40×10-12 . CCS-GC/MS may identify all the objective chemical species in the atmosphere samples, with average 2.5s bias of retention time for 39 GC peaks. Within 0~400×10-9(v/v), the concentration of all the objective compounds can be calculated by standard curve individually ( average r2 above 0.99 ) and accurately. The average recollect rate is 100.8%±5.6%, and the bias of precision is 2%~14%.The standard matter factor transfer method is used to calibrate the results of VOCs from 1999 to 2004 and the database of 67 VOCs (30 alkanes, 12 alkenes , 6 aromatics and 19 halocarbons ) from 1999 to 2005(sampling time : 14:00 per Thursday, spot: flat roof of 32meters of 325 meters meteorologic tower) in Beijing is established . The database can provide a mass of sequential data to study the trends and variations , model parameter setting , validation and source apportionment .The concentrations of weekly samples are measured simultaneously from 2000 to 2005. Alkanes ( 66.8±21.8ppbC ) represent the highest average concentration of the total VOCs , followed by aromatics ( 59.2±22.2ppbC ) , alkenes (14.1±3.1ppbC ) and halocarbons ( 13.6±5.8ppbC ) . The most abundant species of Beijing’s atmosphere is benzene ( 4.0±0.7ppbV ) , followed by 還原


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